These tokens support the holder’s formalized reputation and are used in liquid-democracy style governance and arbitration within projects or community-driven initiatives. Here, we elaborate a highly integrative, community-based strategy where a token-based crypto-economy supports finding best possible consensus, trust, and truth by adding unconventional elements known from reputation systems, betting, secondary markets, and social networking. This study aper analyses how key factors underpinning the success of this ground-breaking “Internet of value” technology, such as staking of collateral (“skin in the game”), competitive crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, and prediction markets, can be applied to substantially innovate the legacy organization of science, research, and technology development (RTD). Since its launch just over a decade ago by the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, the distributed ledger technology (DLT) blockchain has followed a breathtaking trajectory into manifold application spaces. ![]() These topics shall serve as starting points for future research to foster the BT for open science and beyond, especially in the long-term. So, BT offers promising possibilities for its use in science, but why is it then not used on a large-scale in that area? To answer this question, we point out various shortcomings, challenges, unanswered questions, and research potentials that we found in the literature and identified during our analysis. Several of them already provide functionalities that can have a positive impact on current research workflows. To this end, we examine the projects in particular for their relevance and contribution to open science and categorize them afterwards according to their primary purpose. We also review literature and promising blockchain-based projects for open science to describe the current research situation. For this, we determined the requirements of an open science ecosystem and compared them with the characteristics of BT to prove that the technology suits as an infrastructure. In this paper, we conduct an analysis in which we show how open science can benefit from this technology and its properties. Blockchain technology (BT) promises benefits in trustability, collaboration, organization, identification, credibility, and transparency. Many sectors, like finance, medicine, manufacturing, and education, use blockchain applications to profit from the unique bundle of characteristics of this technology. The experiment results show that Open-Pub is highly efficient in computation and processing anonymous transactions. To evaluate its efficiency, we implement Open-Pub based on Ethereum source code and conduct comprehensive experiments to evaluate its performance, including computation cost and processing delay. These processes will be recorded on the blockchain so that everyone can trace the entire process. After the reviewers submit their review comments, the identities of reviewers and anonymous authors will be disclosed. With this group signature, authors can choose to submit papers anonymously and validators take turns to distribute papers anonymously to reviewers on the blockchain according to their research interests. To this end, we design a threshold group signature to achieve anonymity for reviewers and authors. In this paper, we propose Open-Pub, a decentralized, transparent yet privacy-preserving academic publication scheme using the blockchain technology, aiming to reduce academic misconducts and promote free sharing of research results. Last but not least, access to research papers is restricted to only subscribers, and even the authors cannot access their own papers. Secondly, the author anonymity during the paper review process is easily compromised since this information is simply open to the conference chair or the journal editor. An anonymous reviewer may give biased comments to a paper without being noticed or punished, because the comments are seldom published for evaluation. ![]() The first problem is the misconduct during the publication process due to the opaque paper review process. However, there are a number of severe disadvantages in current academic publication systems. Academic publication of latest research results are crucial to advance development of all disciplines.
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